Several sectors stand out as especially hard to decarbonise. Four of the most energy-intensive industries (iron and steel, chemicals and petrochemicals, cement and lime, and aluminium) and three key transport sectors (road freight, aviation, and shipping) could together account for 38% of energy and process emissions and 43% of final energy use by 2050 without major policy changes now, the report finds.
Reaching zero with renewables considers how these sectors could achieve zero emissions by 2060 and assesses the use of renewables and related technologies to achieve this. Decarbonisation options for each sector span efficiency improvements, electrification, direct heat, and fuel production using renewables, along with CO2 removal measures.
Without such measures, energy and process emissions could amount to 11.4 gigatonnes from industry and 8.6 gigatonnes from transport at mid-century, the report indicates. Along with sector-specific actions, cross-cutting actions are needed at higher levels.
The report offers ten broad recommendations for industries and governments: 1. Pursue a renewables-based strategy for end-use sectors with an end goal of zero emissions. 2. Develop a shared vision and strategy and co-develop practical roadmaps involving all major players. 3. Build confidence and knowledge among decision makers. 4. Plan and deploy enabling infrastructure early on. 5. Foster early demand for green products and services. 6. Develop tailored approaches to ensure access to finance. 7. Collaborate across borders. 8. Think globally while utilising national strengths. 9. Establish clear pathways for the evolution of regulations and international standards. 10. Support research, development and systemic innovation.